Readings on Racism, Violence, and Police Brutality in Buffalo

• Dan Almsai, ““Justice for Meech” offers alternative narrative on death of Wardel “Meech” Davis,” 4 May 2017, The Record. 
• Maki Becker, “State attorney general’s office investigating Buffalo police checkpoints,” 14 August 2020, The Buffalo News. 
• Jason Wilson, “’One of the gentlest people I know:’ 75-year-old shoved by police a peace activist, not a provocateur,” 14 June 2020, The Guardian. 
• Matthew Spina and Maki Becker, “‘I’m good. The city is not good’: Man pushed by police speaks at protest,” 7 October 2020, The Buffalo News. 
• Matthew Spina, “Cops doubted they found cocaine but charged him anyway. Now they’re suspended,” 27 September 2020, The Buffalo News. 
• Geoff Kelly, “Saturday’s shooting wasn’t Buffalo cop’s first,” 14 September 2020, Investigative Post. 
• Vera Institute of Justice, “The Cost of Incarceration in New York State: Erie County,” 13 April 2021, Partnership for the Public Good.
• Geoff Kelly, “Buffalo’s Police Brutality Didn’t Start With Martin Gugino,” 16 June 2020, the Nation. 
• Phil Gambini, “Police misconduct costing Buffalo millions,” 20 July 2020, Investigation Post. 
• Daniela Porat, “Scant oversight of Buffalo Police,” 15 February 2017, Investigative Post. 
• Tito Ruiz, “Video: Justice for Meech,” 27 April 2017, The Public. 
• Charlie Specht and Stephen T. Watson, “Timeline: Racial crimes against Black people in the Buffalo region,” 3 June 2022, The Buffalo News. 
• Shawn Lay, Hooded Knights on the Niagara: The Ku Klux Klan in Buffalo, New York (1995)
• Chinyere Ezie, “Another Voice: The BPD has targeted Black Buffalonians for too long,” 11 July 2022, The Buffalo News. 
• Jim Heaney, “Video shows deadly police shooting,” 15 September 2018, Investigative Post. 
• Daniela Porat, “Podcast Researcher De’Jon Hall on police misconduct,” 6 October 2017, Investigative Post.
• Sarah Minkewicz, “Two Buffalo men file $224M lawsuits against the city for wrongful murder conviction,” 7 July 2022, WIVB4. 
• Black Love Resists in the Rust vs. City of Buffalo Class Action Complaint, United States District Court for the Western District of New York, 28 June 2018. 
• Jim Heaney, “The Terrifying History of Bad Cops in Buffalo”, 6 June 2020, The Daily Beast.
• Daniela Porat, “Buffalo police who cross the line,” (20 September 2017), Investigative Post.
• Tom Dinki, “Extremism in WNY: Four Part Series,” (June 20-24, 2022), WBFO
• Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Hiding Buffalo’s History of Racism Behind a Cloak of Unity,  9 June 2022, The New Yorker.
• Meaghan M. McDermott, “The Death of India Cummings,”, 28 May 2019, Democrat & Chronicle.
• Mike Desmond & Omar Fetouh, “Buffalo police officers cleared in shooting death of unarmed man,”, 1 February 2018, WBFO.
• Steve Brown, “Family claims racism a factor in police shooting of Buffalo man,” 13 September, 2019, WGRZ. 
• Mike Desmond, “Evicted former police officer claims retaliation,” 5 March, 2019, WBFO.
• “No charges for 2 Buffalo officers seen on video punching man,” 6 March 2021, Associated Press. 
• “Fired cop says, ‘I don’t regret it,’ after stopping police officer from choking subject,” WKBW, Youtube (2014). 
•  Raina Lipsitz, “In Erie County, Jail Deaths Continue Despite High-Profile Tragedy,” 16 January 2020, The Appeal.  
• Victoria W. Wolcott, “White Violence and Black Buffalo”, 14 September 2022, Black Perspectives 

OP-Eds on the Mass Shooting 

• Ira Glass, “Name. Age. Detail,” 12 August 2022, This American Life.
• Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “ American Racism and the Buffalo Shooting,” 15 May 2022, The New Yorker.
• Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “Hiding Buffalo’s History of Racism Behind a Cloak of Unity,” 9 June 2022, The New Yorker.  
• The Food Equity Scholars, U.B. Food Lab, “East Buffalo Needs Community-Driven Structural Investments, Not Fly-In, Fly-Out Charity,” 24 May 2022, Civil Eats. 
• Sheryll Cashin, “How the Buffalo Massacre Proves There’s No ‘Great Replacement,’” 21 May 2022, Politico. 
• Interview with India Walton, “Buffalo: India Walton on the Racist Massacre & Community’s Need for Gun Control, Good Jobs, Housing,” 20 May 2022, Democracy Now. 
• Rashawn Ray, “Preventing racial hate crimes means tackling white supremacist ideology,” 17 May 2022, Brookings. 
• Leslie Mac, “What Happened in Buffalo Is Not a One-Off Tragedy,” 18 May 2022, Oprah Daily. 
• Keisha N. Blain, “For Black Americans, yesterday’s housing discrimination is today’s air pollution crisis,” 19 May 2022, MSNBC.
• Derecka Purnell, “Why do white supremacists want to kill Black people?,” 18 May 2022, The Guardian. 
• Michael Harriot, “‘I’m not afraid’: after Buffalo racist attack, Black residents remain unbowed by terror,” 22 May 2022, The Guardian. 
• Geniece Crawford Mondé, “The elderly Black Buffalo victims survived Jim Crow. Then they went shopping in 2022,” 19 May 2022, NBC News. 
• Steve Peraza,  “Teaching Massacres and Black History,” 13 September 2022, Black Perspectives. 

Media Archive of Black Buffalo and Incidents of Racial Violence in Buffalo

• Carl Paladino’s history of racism, sexism, and homophobia(2015)
• New Chippewa bar accused of racism(2011)
• The Forgotten City-Buffalo, NY Documentary (2006)
• Model City Documentary (2006)
• .22 Caliber Killer | FULL EPISODE | The FBI Files(2000)
• Buffalo History Channel (2020)
• #JusticeforMeech: A Mini Documentary (2017)
• The History of a Black Neighborhood Affected by Deadly Buffalo Shooting (2022)
• Footage from 1967 Race Riots 
• TOPS Supermarket opens on Jefferson Ave. Buffalo, NY (2003)
• Frame-Up! Documentary (2015)

Interviews Post-Tragedy from WBFO’s Buffalo What’s Next

June 6, 2022: Creating Community-Based Solutions

This episode of “Buffalo, What’s Next?” welcomes poet Jillian Hanesworth to talk about how art can contribute to social change. Buffalo Catholic Charities Educator Harvey Miles, Jr. discusses the idea of racial truth and reconciliation in America, and Alexander Wright, President, African Heritage Food Co-op presents the need for healthy food sustainability, and how his organization is helping the community.

June 7, 2022: Man vs. Society

In this episode of “Buffalo, What’s Next?,” Dave Debo and Buffalo State College Chair and Professor of Sociology, Ron Stewart, examine how our society breeds this kind of violence and what we can do about it . Bridget Jaipaul-Valenza speaks with Fragrance Harris. She courageously shares her first-hand account of the mass shooting at Tops Friendly Markets on May 14. And Jay Moran sits down with former Buffalo mayoral candidate India Walton to discuss what she believes should be next for Buffalo.

June 17, 2022: Truth in Education

In this episode of “Buffalo, What’s Next?,” Dave Debo speaks with sports journalist John Wawrow about his personal essay regarding. Brigid Jaipaul-Valenza shares an extended report on Juneteenth education in Buffalo, followed by a conversation with Black History educator, LaGarrett King, Ph.D. Finally, Jay Moran welcomes John Washington to talk through housing inequity and Afrofuturism.

June 21, 2022: Food Access and the Legacy of Black Farmers

Food apartheid on the East Side of Buffalo is an issue that continues to need further discussion. In this episode, Jay Moran welcomes Author Natalie Baszile, whose latest book “We Are Each Other’s Harvest” celebrates African American Farmers, the land, and their legacy. The conversation continues with Dave Debo and Allison DeHonney from Buffalo Go Green as they examine urban farming and barriers to food access.

August 2, 2022: A Community Divided and Opportunity for Change

In this episode of “Buffalo, What’s Next?” Jay Moran explores the historical context of a community divided by the Kensington Expressway with local elder, Cliff Bell. Dave Debo examines health inequity and lingering community concerns after the recent racially motivated shooting on the East Side with Rev. Diann Holt. 

Readings on the City’s Geography 

*On Built Environment and City Planning/ City Government 

• Jacqueline A. Housel, “Geographies of whiteness: the active construction of racialized privilege in Buffalo, New York,” Social & Cultural Geography 10 (2009).
• Angelica A. Morrison, “Expressway seen as symbol of racial inequity, health problems,” 15 January 2018, WBFO, NPR. 
• William Fox, “Segregation Along Highway Lines: How the Kensington Expressway Reshaped Buffalo, New York,” Thesis, May 2017, University at Buffalo. 
• Steve Cichon, “The Buffalo You Should Know: The slow death of Humboldt Parkway in building the 33 & 198,” 8 May 2016, Buffalo Stories. 
• Preservation Studios, “Intensive Level Survey of the Fruit Belt, Buffalo, New York,” September 2018. 
• Russell Weaver and Jason C. Knight, “Engaging the Future of Housing in the Buffalo-Niagara Region: A Preliminary Exploration of Challenges that Lie Ahead,” 12 October 2021, PPG Buffalo.
• SUNY Buffalo Department of Urban and Regional Planning, “A Vision for the Michigan Street Heritage Corridor,” Spring 2011.
• Robert Adelman, Aysegul Balta Ozgen, Watoii Rabii, “Buffalo’s West Side Story: Migration, Gentrification, and Neighborhood Change,” City & Community 18 (June 2019).  
• Robert Mark Silverman, Li Yin, Kelly L. Patterson, “Dawn of the Dead City: An Exploratory Analysis of Vacant Addresses in Buffalo, NY 2008–2010,” Journal of Urban Affairs 35 (2012). 
• Davarian L. Baldwin, In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower: How Universities Are Plundering Our Cities (2021) 
• Christopher Maag, “What ‘Great Replacement’? In Buffalo, Black people say they’re the ones being replaced,” 31 May 2022, North County Public Radio (NCPR). 
• Geoff Kelly, “Buffalo Community Activists Show How to Fight Gerrymaderring,” 12 July 2022, The Nation. 
• The Public Staff, “Buffalo Is Cancelled: De’Jon Hall,” The Public.
• Segregation By Design: Buffalo, NY, last accessed September 2022. 
• “History of the Fruit Belt,” Fruit Belt Community Land Trust: Development Without Displacement. 
• Meghan Cope, “Patchwork neighborhood: children’s urban geographies in Buffalo, New York” Environment and Planning 40 (January 2008). 

• Randolph Hohle, “Rusty gardens: stigma and the making of a new place reputation in Buffalo, New York,” American Journal of Cultural Sociology (2022).
• Meghan Cope and Frank Latcham “ Narratives of Decline: Race, Poverty, and Youth in the Context of Postindustrial Urban Angst” The Professional Geographer (April 2009). 
• Russell Weaver and Jason Knight, “Advancing Housing Security: An Analysis of Renting, Rent Burden, and Tenant Exploitation in Erie County, NY,”28 December 2020, Social Science Research Network.
• Unhooking from Whiteness It’s a Process Volume Editors: Cleveland Hayes, Issac M. Carter, and Katherine Elderson; Authors Monica L. Miles, Kate Haq & Eve Shippens
•  “Hey I Live There!”: Unpacking Environmental Justice Education and Whiteness in a Rust Belt City, (March 2021).
• Robert Mark Silverman, Jade Lewis, and Kelly L. Patterson “William Worthy’s Concept of “Institutional Rape” Revisited: Anchor Institutions and Residential Displacement in Buffalo, NY,” Human & Society (March 2014) 
• Anna Blatto, “How Public Policy Shaped Buffalo’s Segregated Geography,” 15 September 2022, Black Perspectives. 

*On Housing Discrimination  

• Jessica Silver-Greenberg and Michael Corkery, “Evans Bank Settles New York ‘Redlining’ Lawsuit,” 10 September 2015, The New York Times.
• Rusty Weaver, “Erasing Red Lines: Part 1 – Geographies of Discrimination,” 1 August 2019, Cornell University’s ILR Buffalo Co-Lab. 
• Robert Silverman, Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., Li Yin, Camden Miller, Pascal Buggs, “Are We Still Going Through the Empty Ritual of Participation? Inner-City Residents’ and Other Grassroots Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Public Input and Neighborhood Revitalization,” Critical Sociology (2019). 
• Henry Taylor, Jr., “From Theory to Practice: The Quest to Radically Reconstruct Buffalo’s Inner City Neighborhoods,” 26 July 2004, PPG Buffalo. 

*On Segregation 

• Anna Blatto, “A City Divided: A Brief History of Segregation in Buffalo,” April 2018, PPG Buffalo.  
• Henry Louis Taylor Jr., “The Long History of Residential Segregation in Buffalo,” 12 September 2022, Black Perspectives. 
• Li Yin, “The Dynamics of Residential Segregation in Buffalo: An Agent-based Simulation,” Urban Studies 46 (December 2009). 
• Daniel Trudeau, “The Persistence of Segregation in Buffalo, New York: Comer VS. Cisneros and Geographies of Relocation Decisions Among Low-Income Black Households,” Urban Geography 36 (2006). 
• Jacqueline A Housel, “Geographies of Whiteness: The Active Construction of Racialized Privilege in Buffalo, New York,” Social & Cultural Geography 10 (January 2009).
• James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism (2018) 
• From Historical Database of Sundown Towns hosted at Tougaloo College:
  • Buffalo
  • Tonawanda
  • Orchard Park
  • Amherst
  • North Tonawanda
• John R. Logan, “The Persistence of Segregation in the 21st Century Metropolis,” City Community 12 (2013). 
• Carl H. Nightingale, Segregation: A Global History of Divided Cities (2012)
• New York State Department of Financial Services, Report on Inquiry into Redlining in Buffalo, New York, 4 February 2021. 
• Donn Esmonde, “Reunion recalls sustaining spirit that survived projects”, 23 August 1999, The Buffalo News. 

*On Gentrification

• Danya Sherman, “Gentrification Can’t Be the Theme of Rust Belt City Recovery,” 4 December 2017, Next City. 
• Robert Silverman, Henry Taylor, Li Yin, Camden Miller, and Pascal Buggs, “Perceptions of Residential Displacement and Grassroots Resistance to Anchor Driven Encroachment in Buffalo, NY,” Urbanities 8 (November 2018).
• J Coley and Robert M. Adelman, “Gentrification in the“City of Good Neighbors”: Race, Class, and Neighborhoods in Buffalo,” Sociological Inquiry 91 (November 2021). 

*On Urban Settler Colonialism

• Lorenzo Veracini, Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview (2010) 
• Patrick Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” Journal of Genocide Research 8 (December 2006). 
• Lorenzo Veracini, “Suburbia, Settler Colonialism and the World Turned Inside Out,” Housing, Theory and Society 29 (2012). 
• Penelope Edmonds, “Unpacking Settler Colonialism’s Urban Strategies: Indigenous Peoples in Victoria, British Columbia, and the Transition to a Settler-Colonial City,” Urban History Review 38 (2010). 
• James B. LaGrand, Indian Metropolis: Native Americans in Chicago, 1945-75 (2002). 
• Rima Wilkes, “The Residential Segregation of Native Americans in US Metropolitan Areas,” Sociological Focus 36 (November 2012). 

Readings on General WNY History 

*On Black New York State

• Laura Warren Hill, Strike the Hammer: The Black Freedom Struggle in Rochester, New York, 1940–1970 ( 2021) 

Readings on Black Buffalo’s History 

• Lillian Serece Williams, Strangers in the Land of Paradise: Creation of an African American Community, Buffalo, New York, 1900-1940 (1999)
• Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., “The Historic Roots of the Crisis in Housing Affordability: The Case of Buffalo, New York, 1920-1950,” in Robert Mark Silverman, Kelly L. Patterson (eds.), Fair and Affordable Housing in the U.S.: Trends, Outcomes and Future Directions ( 2012) 
• Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., “Social Transformation Theory, African Americans and the Rise of Buffalo’s Post-Industrial City,” Buffalo Law Review 39 (April 1991).
• Mark Goldman, City on the Lake: The Challenge of Change in Buffalo, New York (1990)
• Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., “A Historical Overview of Blacks in the Fruit Belt: The Continuing Struggle to Build a Vibrant Community,” 1 July 2009, University at Buffalo Center for Urban Studies, School of Architecture and Planning.  
• Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., “Black in Buffalo” A late-century progress report,” 25 February, 1996, Buffalo: Magazine of the Buffalo News. 
• Evelyn Nieves, “In the Wake of a Teen-Ager’s Death, a Cloud of Racism, Then a Lawsuit,” 19 December 1996, The New York Times.
• Monroe Fordham, “Origins of the Michigan Street Baptist Church, Buffalo, NY,” Monroe Fordham Regional History Center, Archives & Special Collections Department, E. H. Butler Library, SUNY Buffalo State (1997). 
• Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., Jin-Kyu Jung, and Evan Dash, “The Harder We Run: The State of Black Buffalo in 1990 and the Present,” September 2021, Investigative Post. 
• Barbara A. Seals Nevergold, “‘Doing the Pan’: the African-American experience at the Pan-American Exposition, 1901,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 28 (2004).  
• The Circle Association, African American History of Western New York
• Domonique Griffin, They Were Never Silent, You Just Weren’t Listening: Buffalo’s Black Activists in the Age of Urban Renewal, Trinity College Senior Theses and Projects (2017)
• Georgia Burnette, “Back in the Day: Remembrances of Black Buffalo from the 1940s and 1950s,” in  Right Here, Right Now: The Buffalo Anthology, ed. Jody K. Biehl (2016)
• Sunday Today with Willie Geist, Celebrating the history of Juneteenth, lessons in modern America, 19 June 2022. 
• J Coley, “Black Buffalo, Food Apartheid, and Residential Segregation,” 16 September 2022, Black Perspectives. 

*On Slavery Abolition

• Christine A. Parker, “Frederick Douglass: Ten Days of a Fugitive Slave in Buffalo,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 41 (2020). 

• Hawkins, Kenneth “A Proper Attitude of Resistance: The Oregon Letters of A.H. Francis to Frederick Douglass, 1851–1860” Oregon Historical Society (2020). 
• Jean Richardson, “Buffalo’s antebellum African American community and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 27 (2003).
• Cynthia M. Van Ness, “‘Still They Come’: Some Eyewitness Accounts of the Underground Railroad in Buffalo,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 36 (2012).

Readings on the Indigenous History of Buffalo/WNY

• Mothers of the Seneca Nation, “In Solidarity with Buffalo’s Eastside Black Community Affected by the Mass Shooting – Indian Time,” 19 May 2022, Indian Time. 
• Seneca Nation President Pagels, “President Pagels Statement Regarding Buffalo Shooting,” 15 July 2022, Seneca Nation. 
• Laurence M. Hauptman, Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (2001)
• William Wyckoff, The Developer’s Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (1988) 
• Laurence M. Hauptman, In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians since World War II (2014)
• Lauerrence M. Hauptman, The Tonawanda Senecas’ Heroic Battle Against Removal: Conservative Activist Indians (2011)
• Lauerence M. Hauptman, Coming Full Circle: The Seneca Nation of Indians, 1848–1934 (2019)

Readings on Women’s History 

• Lillian Williams, “And Still I Rise: Black Women and Reform, Buffalo, New York 1900-1940,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 14(1990).
• Michal B. Boston, “Charlotte Dett: Influential Mother, Entrepreneur, and Leader,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 42 (2021). 
• William H. Siener and Thomas A. Chambers, “Harriet Tubman, the Underground Railroad, and the Bridges at Niagara Falls,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 36 (2012).
• Anita Nahal and Lopez D. Matthews, Jr., “African American Women and the Niagara Movement, 1905-1909,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 32 (2008).

Readings on Queer History

• Ana Grujić and Adrienne Hill, “Hometown Queens and Superheroes: Ari Moore’s Queer History of Buffalo,” Rhizomes: Cultural Studies in Emerging Knowledge, 35 (2019).
• Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madline Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (1993).

Readings on Civil Rights/Black Power Movement 

• Tiana U. Wilson, “Rust Belt Resilience: The History of the Colored Musicians Club,” 19 May 2022, Black Perspectives. 
• Victoria W. Wolcott, “Recreation and Race in the Postwar City: Buffalo’s 1956 Crystal Beach Riot,” The Journal of African American History 93 (June 2006). 
• Rowena Ianthe Alfonso, “‘Crucial to the Survival of Black People’: Local People, Black Power, and Community Organizations in Buffalo, New York, 1966–1968,” Journal of Urban History (May 2015). 
• Rowena Ianthe Alfonso, “They Aren’t Going to Listen to Anything but Violence: African Americans and the 1967 Buffalo Riot,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 38 (2014).  
• Charles D’Aniello, “Niagara, The Birth of the Modern Civil Rights Movement Introductory Overview and Resources,” 2005, SUNY Buffalo.

Readings on Buffalo’s Radical Tradition and Mutual Aid History

• Monroe Fordham, “The Buffalo Cooperative Economic Society, Inc., 1928-1961; A Black Self-Help Organization: A Brief History and Introduction,” Buffalo Cooperative Economic Society, Monroe Fordham Regional History Center, Archives & Special Collections Department, E. H. Butler Library, SUNY Buffalo State (1975). 
• William D. Best, “The Rise of African American Community Centers; A Brief History of 1490 Enterprises, Inc, Buffalo, NY,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 34 (2010).

Readings on Migration Patterns for Black Americans in Rust Belt Cities 

• Lillian Williams, Strangers in the Land of Paradise: The Creation of an African American Community in Buffalo, New York, 1900-1940 (1990)
• Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (2010)
• Eric Arnesen, Black Protest and the Great Migration: A Brief History with Documents (2003)

Policy Reports & Briefs Relevant to Black Buffalo

• Colleen Kristich, “Building a Safer Buffalo: Invest in Communities, Divest from Police,” May 2021, Partnership for the Public Good. 
• “A Community Benefit Agreement for the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus,” 9 March 2016, Partnership for the Public Good. 
• Anjana Malhotra, “Unchecked Authority without Accountability in Buffalo, New York: The Buffalo Police Department’s Widespread Pattern and Practice of Unconstitutional Discriminatory Policing, and the Human, Social and Economic Costs,” 30 August 2017, SUNY Buffalo Law School. 
• The Center for Urban Studies, “The Martin Luther King, Jr. Cultural District & Cultural Corridor: A Strategic Plan and Action Agenda for the Masten District,” 2 April 2001, SUNY University at Buffalo.
• “Policy Report: Evicted in Buffalo: the High Costs of Involuntary Mobility,” March 2020, Partnership for the Public Good and People United for Sustainable Housing, (PUSH) Buffalo. 
• Daniel Cadzow, “The Role of Water in Buffalo’s Lead Exposure Crisis,” January 2022, Partnership for the Public Good.
• “Why Buffalo Needs Inclusionary Zoning: Affordability, Job Access, Inclusion, and Quality Housing,” 2 June 2017, Partnership for the Public Good. 
• Sara Alpert, “Fruit Belt Neighborhood Asset Inventory,” 27 October 2016, Partnership for the Public Good. 

Readings on “Towards an Abolitionist Future”

• Will Doig, “How Do We Get More Power? A Grassroots Movement in Buffalo’s Fruit Belt,” 4 May 2020, Open Society Foundations. 
• “Policy Brief: A Plan that Bears Fruit: A Community Land Trust and Other Tools For Neighborhood Revitalization in the Fruit Belt,” 22 June 2016, Partnership for the Public Good.
• Jessica L. Gilbert and Rebekah A. Williams, “Pathways to reparations: land and healing through food justice,” Human Geography 13 (September 2020).
• The Black Leadership Forum, “The Health Status of the Near East Side Black Community: A Study of the Wellness and Neighborhood Conditions Buffalo, New York,” September 2000, UB Center for Urban Studies, School of Architecture and Planning, and the UB Center for Research in Primary Care.
• Tiffanie Woods, “Ready for Change,” 27 June 2022, Buffalo Magazine. 
• Mark Sommer, “Nurturing East Side projects preceded state’s gush of cash: ‘A once-in-a-generation opportunity,’” 7 June 2022, The Buffalo News. 
• Free the People WNY,  “13 Recommendations for Police Reforms to Buffalo”
• The Martin Sostre Institute, OffShoot Journal, last accessed September 2022. 

Readings on Black Culture, Music, & Art

• Jillian Hanesworth, “Unanswered Questions,” 28 June 2022, Buffalo Magazine.
• Virginia Anderson, “‘You Hip to Buffalo’ The Hidden Heritage of Black Theater in Western New York,” Theater History Studies 30 (January 2010). 
•  Hannah Quaintance, “The Freedom Wall: Public Art and Negotiations of African American Heritage in Buffalo, New York,” Future Anterior 15 (Summer 2018). 
• Edreys Wajed and James “Yames” Moffitt, “Love Black” 11 September 2020, Buffalo as an Architectural Museum. 
• Buffalo Poet Laureate Jillian Hanesworth,last accessed September 2022. 

Museums, Historical Markers Around the City, and Places to Visit

• Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center
• Colored Musicians Club
• Historical Markers and War Memorials in Erie County, New York
• Monroe Fordham, “The Nash House: A History,” Nash House Museum. 
• Seneca-Iroquois National Museum: Exhibits – Seneca-Iroquois National Museum 
• Underground Railroad/Abolition historical markers (text and pictures)
• African American historical markers (text and pictures)
• Indigenous historical markers (text and pictures)
• The Freedom Wall
• Afro-American Historical Association of the Niagara Frontier
• Google Map of 20th Century Black Businesses in Western NY (via Buffalo History Museum)
• African American related documents housed at the Buffalo History Museum
• “Henry Highland Garnet’s “Address to the Slaves and its Colored Cincentions Origins,” Colored Conventions Project, last accessed Septmber 2022.
• Minutes of the National Convention of Colored Citizens; Held at Buffalo; on the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th of August, 1843; for the purpose of considering their moral and political condition as American citizens, Colored Conventions Project: Digital Records, last accessed September 2022.  

*On Food Justice

• Buffalo Food Equity Network, “Buffalo Food Justice Advocates and Partners Call For End to White Supremacy and Anti-Blackness,” 17 May 2022, Food for the Spirit.
• Ben Tsujimoto, “’FUBU of produce’: African Heritage Food Co-op needs resources to fill food void in Fruit Belt,” 31 May 2022, The Buffalo News.
• Consider This, “Buffalo Shooting Victims Are Likely Targets Of Racist ‘Replacement’ Violence,” 16 May 2022, National Public Radio.
• NPR Consider This story (written and audio) includes local food activist, Della Miller, who helped bring the Tops to the East side 20 years ago, and Dr. Raja who runs the Food Systems Planning and Healthy Communities Lab at the University at Buffalo.
• Jessica L. Gilbert and Rebekah A. Williams, “Pathways to reparations: land and healing through food justice,” Human Geography 13 (September 2020).
• Samina Raja, Changxing Ma, Pavan Yadav, “Beyond food deserts: measuring and mapping racial disparities in neighborhood food environments,” Journal of Planning Education and Research, 27 (January 2008). 
• Samina Raja, Diane Picard, Solhyon Baek, and Cristina Delgado, “Rustbelt Radicalism: A Decade of Food Systems Planning in Buffalo, New York,” Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development (September 2014)
• Maryam Khojasteh and Samina Raja, “Agents of change: How immigrant-run ethnic food retailers improve food environments,” Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 12 (April 2016). 
• Jennifer Whittaker, Jill K. Clark, Sarah SanGiovannni, and Samina Raja,“Planning for Food Systems: Community-University Partnerships for Food-Systems Transformation,” Metropolitan Universities 28 (Winter 2017).
• Jeremy Stahl, “What We Get Wrong About Food Insecurity in Places Like Buffalo’s East Side,” 19 May 2022, Slate. 

Mass Incarceration and the Erie County Holding Center

• Erie County Prisoner Rights Coalition
• Matthew Spina,  “Inmate’s death should be ruled homicide, scathing state report finds” 17 July 2018, The Buffalo News.
• Matthew Spina, “A list of 33 Erie County inmates who have died since June 2005” 20 August 2017, The Buffalo News.
• US Department of Justice, “Justice Department Files Lawsuit Challenging Conditions at Two Erie County, New York, Correctional Facilities” 30 September 2009.

Acknowledgments

The Black Buffalo Syllabus Collective would like to thank the following people/organizations for their submissions to the syllabus. (Please note this list is not exhaustive and will be updated periodically): Geniece Crawford Mondé, Alliah L. Agostini, Corey Welch, Jason Knight, Domonique Griffin, Monica L. Miles, Kate Haq, Eve Shippens, Meghan Cope, Kenneth Hawkins, Adrienne Garr, Colored Conventions Project, Russell Weaver, and Randolph Hohle